Concert Report Essay Essay Example

Show Report Essay Paper On Saturday, April 24, 2010, Stony stream University division of music composed a show directed by Rossen Millanov. I appreciated the delightful and agreeable ensemble and took in a ton as follows. Rainbow Body was created by Christopher Theofanidis, an American writer who instructs at Yale University music office. This symphonic work was made in April, 2000 and won the British Masterprize rivalry in 2003. This section is made of significant key songs and performed by strings outfit, which comprises of four string instruments, for example, two violins, a viola and cello. It assumes a significant job in orchestral compositions. The section Plano Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 15 is made by Johannes Brahms. It is considered as a sonata for two pianos in March of 1854. He stroke a harmony between his musical and pianistic originations and updated his work in the accompanying four years. This piano concerto is made of three sections. The initial two sections, Maestoso and Adagio are peaceful and plain. As I would like to think, I feel exhausting and repetitiveness about them. The part Rondo, Allegro started with minor keys yet end with significant keys. Show Report Essay Sample It is 4/4 meter and compound duple. This part is a discussion among piano and ensemble and rehash a few times altogether. After recess, here came an arrangement named Pictures at an Exhibition. It is created by Modest Mussorgsky and organized by Maurice Ravel. The work made for retaining the composer’s companion Victor Harman, a draftsman, artist, and fashioner. We will compose a custom paper test on Concert Report Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Concert Report Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Concert Report Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer His companions hold a display of his works and Mussorgsky endeavored to get the most awe inspiring snapshot of melodic â€Å"pictures† for solo piano. Show Report Concert Report Concert Report Promenade is a similar advancement to change to another key, for example, major or minor keys. The primary Promenade began with a significant key and is 5/4 in addition to 6/4 meters. Later on, the part Gnomus depicted an image of smaller person and it is entertaining, intriguing and amusing all things considered. The Old Castle represented an image about loftiness and radiant structure. Bydlo indicated a moderate advancement of cows pulling a truck in a distinctive and brilliant stone. The parts Ballet of The Chicks In Their Shells and The Great Gate At Kiev are the most beguiling parts to me. The previous one depicted a band of brilliant youngsters in beautiful ensembles. The tune is a lot gentler and progressively upbeat which performed by piano is better. In any case, the last included ponies entering and spectators looking which is all the more surprising and more grounded in mood. The symphony is liked to communicate this energetic and strong nearness in sound. To summarize, this ensemble symphony is beautiful and splendid. The surface is polyphonic. Through this show, I increased more information about symphony and handle a compelling technique to listen a show.

Marketing Campaign Free Essays

The statement of purpose of L’Oreal has been considered. L’Oreal is a beauty care products and individual consideration item fabricating organization. It is an acclaimed widely acclaimed brand which is really worldwide in its activities just as the objective market. We will compose a custom exposition test on Promoting Campaign or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The organization L’Oreal has built up its joke statement of purpose to be ‘The option to be excellent, day after day’ (‘L’Oreal’s Company Overview †Our Mission’, 2007). The full statement of purpose is given in the addendum. The statement of purpose for L’Oreal delineates that it is a market situated statement of purpose. The announcement gives the organizations long haul intend to be fruitful in giving individual consideration and restorative items to its objective market consistently so as to make them look and be excellent the direction of the announcement is engaged towards the clients or the objective market as the statement of purpose itself is written in such a way, that is appears as though a definitive strategic its objective market. Advertising then again is process by which the requirements of the clients are recognized and satisfied through the arrangement of an item or a help. As indicated by Phillip Kotler making is the procedure whereby the people get their requirements and needs through the way toward making and exchanging items and qualities with different gatherings. The center ideas of showcasing incorporate the accompanying: Target markets and division: Segmentation is the procedure by which the market is partitioned into littler market fragments. At that point the organization may decided to focus on certain market portions. These sections are called target markets Needs, needs and requests: The requirements are the outright necessities required by the market. The needs are what they would wish to have while requests are the items and administrations for which they are willing and ready to pay cash or direct exchange. The promoting effort basically focuses on the requirements, needs and satisfies the requests of the market. Item offering: Product offering is the arrangement of item and administration gave by the organization to the customers/target showcase so as to satisfy the requirements, needs and requests set forward by them. Worth and fulfillment: worth and fulfillment are the components that are accomplished by the objective from the utilization of the items/administrations gave to them because of their interest. Trade and exchange: this relates to the exchange of merchandise and enterprises for other material like cash or comparable worth elements like an exchange item or administration. Typically the organization enjoys an exchange with the client whereby it gets cash for giving the item as well as the administration. Promoting channels: The advertising channels are the various channels through which the business communicates with the objective market and gives the items and administration to the customer. These channels are utilized to connect with the objective markets and to advance and market the items and administration to them Flexibly chain: Supply chain is the arrangement of procedures and substances which give the item and administration to the objective market. The flexibly chain is basically a part of the worth chain through which worth arrives at the clients. Promoting channels structure some portion of the gracefully chain. Rivalry: Competition incorporates every one of those gatherings who are giving the equivalent or comparative items to a similar objective market. Promoting condition: the advertising condition is the organization culture and the workplace in the business which is engaged towards the showcasing guideline while being client and customer arranged. References 1.(2007), L’Oreal’s Company Overview †Our Mission, L’Oreal’s Official Website, recovered on October 18, 2007 from http://www.loreal.com/_en/_ww/index.aspx?direct1=00001direct2=00001/00002direct3=00001/00002/00001 2.(2007), Mission Statement, Business Resource Software Inc, recovered on October 18, 2007 from http://www.businessplans.org/Mission.html 3.Marketing of Educational Institutes, Programs and Services †Core Concepts of Marketing, Technical Teachers’ Training Institute, recovered on October 18, 2007 from http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:tdJMQq9YQ78J:www.hindustanstudies.com/records/coreconcepts.pdf+core+concepts+of+marketinghl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=pk  Step by step instructions to refer to Marketing Campaign, Essay models Promoting Campaign Free Essays Nicole Abeyta Marketing Project Professor Liz Thomas-Hensley Marketing in the 21st Century February 11, 2013 Abeyta 1 Executive Summary: Stephanie Abeyta is a best in class cosmetologist, she cherishes workmanship and she communicates it through an assortment of inventive procedures. Stephanie needs to make in vogue glances through hair, cosmetics, and nail plan that will address the issues of every one of her clients. Crucial: endlessly in harmony, magnificence, and Happiness Vision: †¢ Build a mass customer base †¢Create Art †¢Meet the necessities of customers Promoting an assortment of excellence methods †¢Linking with the business network of design, weddings and formal occasions †¢ Promoting polished patterns †¢Anticipating patterns in the style world †¢Advancing long lasting connections †¢Respecting the decent variety of customers Abeyta 2 Goals: Stephanie’s objective as a cosmetologist is to make magnificence, and make enchantment. We will compose a custom paper test on Advertising Campaign or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Stephanie needs the world to be a more joyful, lovely spot!! On occasion she might want to be living in L. A. as Chelsea Handlers individual cosmetics craftsman, or doing hair and cosmetics for style appears. She would likewise love to possess her own salon, possibly plan a little attire line and own a boutique associated with the salon. She might want to have an effective business where her loved ones can work with her, and assist her with running it. There are numerous ways that Stephanie might want to take to assemble her vocation. The most clear vision she has for herself is to carry on with an upbeat, propelled life. Stephanie is a craftsman, and individuals are her canvas. Giving a wonderful new hair style, a stunning new shading, or something crazy for a high design photograph shoot is the way she makes craftsmanship. This craftsmanship she makes is delightful, and spread worldwide by others simply like her. She needs to spread excellence and in this way satisfy individuals. History: It began with an interlace, a french plait or a cornrow. Blue eye shadow and pink become flushed, goodness better believe it, it began at a youthful age. Paint brushes, water shading, sketch cushions, gracious definitely, it began at a youthful age. Workmanship wasn’t something she got keen on; it was something that went through her veins. She was destined to make are. She investigated numerous creative roads; drawing, painting, nail craftsmanship, composing, make-up, however it generally returned to magnificence. Why not make workmanship with hair and cosmetics? Stephanie attempted to study brain research, English, media, yet it wasn’t until she took her visit at Paul Mitchell the School that she knew that’s where she had a place. She felt comfortable, and by then she realized cosmetology was something she was destined to do! Abeyta 3 Services Provided: Hair: †¢Color †¢Cutting †¢Styling †¢Texture (Perms Relaxers) Nails: †¢Manicures †¢Pedicures †¢Silk Wraps †¢Acrylic †¢Nail Design (Free Hand) Spa: †¢Facials †¢Waxing Makeup: * Makeup Application Abeyta 4 Competitors: †¢Fellow Students †¢Working Professionals (Cosmetologists) Socioeconomics: †¢General Public †¢Fashion Industry †¢People in Formal Events Current Presence in the Market: Currently there is certifiably not a solid nearness of Stephanie Abeyta’s singular substance of cosmetology in the internet based life advertise. At present Stephanie is taking a shot at an expert Facebook page exhibiting the work she has done hitherto. Likewise Stephanie is dealing with instructional exercises for nails and cosmetics methods to post on YouTube. SWOT Analysis Strengths: †¢Plenty of space to develop †¢Special specialty with cosmetics and nails †¢Creative Abeyta 5 Weaknesses: †¢No online networking †¢No time for web based life Current customers don’t know about administrations †¢Basic information via web-based networking media Opportunities: †¢Exponential measure of space to develop †¢Stronger intuitive nearness †¢Stronger physical nearness †¢Promotion of self †¢Promotion of inn ovativeness †¢Brand Building †¢Client Building Threats: †¢Fellow Students †¢Working Professionals (Cosmetologists) Abeyta 6 How Stephanie Abeyta’s singular substance of cosmetology’s web based life system fits into her general advertising methodology: Stephanie is very much aware that having a web based life procedure is impeding to her general showcasing technique. Having a solid nearness in the web based life showcase, she will have information picked up and the perspective on advantages of using intelligent advertising strategies to elevate her image to energizing degrees of high paces of profits on venture. Using these intuitive showcasing procedures effectively will bring high volume of customers, making workmanship and develop limitlessly in harmony, magnificence and satisfaction. Eventually arriving at the objectives of the showcasing technique set out for her individual substance as a Cosmetologist. Meeting: Stephanie Abeyta, cosmetologist, was liberal enough to give time and important knowledge on the multiplicities and complexities that advance the use of intuitive showcasing inside her individual substance. Generally speaking coordinations is the driving and controlling element to where Stephanie builds up her game plan of whether to structure and develop an online networking nearness or not. The meeting with Stephanie Abeyta was very helpful on the course of where and how web-based social networking will be executed with he

The Three Types of Essay Topics About Food

The Three Types of Essay Topics About FoodWhile the best way to learn to write essays about food is to read them, you can also do it from home. The best way to start is to familiarize yourself with the three main types of food essays. The following paragraphs will describe these types, and how they differ from each other.The first type of food essay is the food-related party essay. This is also known as the 'happy birthday' essay or a 'treat your mother' essay. It usually takes on the form of a party or birthday celebration, and this is what makes the subject of the essay so interesting. Most of the time, the use of appropriate food items like cookies, candies, or ice cream can help the writer emphasizes his interest in the topic.The second type of essay topics about food is called the food-related history essay. These essays are very popular among students who want to get a better understanding of the history of the country or nation in which they live. A good example of this type o f essay topic is how the Spanish culture has adapted its food to fit with the fast paced life that the Spanish people lead. If you were to read a piece like this, it would make you realize that there are some foods that you may not eat every day but which have become essential to your survival. This would then tell you the Spanish culture has adapted its cuisine to match the lifestyle that they lead, which is very interesting.The third type of essay topics about food is the food-related sport essay. In this type of essay, the focus is not necessarily on the food but more on the athlete. Because of the competitive nature of the game, sports have become something that we are all extremely passionate about, and you can definitely find food essays on this subject.All of these three types of essay topics about food will have their own unique characteristics. You can then use the first two types to become a pro at writing the food-related essays that you want to write. With the third type , you can easily transition from food to sports and back again.The process of writing a good essay is very similar to the process of writing a sports or history essay. You need to set out a general idea, plan your research and writing, identify your topic, and then write it.The structure of your essay is an important part of the entire process and it cannot be stressed enough. Most importantly, you need to be able to write an essay without pausing and without struggling with too many problems.In conclusion, your goal when learning to write a good essay is to make sure that you have a very interesting topic. Therefore, if you want to be able to write a well-written essay about food, you should always remember the three types of essay topics about food.

Taking Care of the Elderly - 4497 Words

HSA505: Health Services Planning and Marketing Taking Care of the Elderly: Which Options is Best for Your Loved One or Family Member December 13, 2009 Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Nursing Home Care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Adult Daycare†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Home Health and Hospice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 Introduction According to the United States Bureau of the Census, as of 1995 there were at least 54 million people who were 55 years old or older and 33.5 million of those were over 65 years old (Mathur Moschis, 1999). According to the National Alliance for Caregiving, more than 22 million†¦show more content†¦Caregivers who were responsible for both children and parents reported that while children are learning and growing and may become self-sufficient in the future, elderly relatives are usually declining in health and becoming more dependent each day (Baron, 2001). Watching the decline of a loved one, usually a parent, adds additional emotional stress to the stress already felt by what may seem to be a never-ending active schedule. According to studies cited in the Journals of Gerontology (2001), over half of older patients who meet eligibility requirements for nursing home care live at home (Covinsky, Eng, Lui, Sands, 2001). This translates into an economic value of 196 bill ion dollars worth of informal health care provided by caregivers yearly. If this were counted as part of the national health care expense, it would increase estimates of total spending by at least 20 percent if not more (Covinsky, et al, 2001). Unfortunately, other than the peace of mind that they may have for keeping their family at home, caregivers are not compensated for their time or financial sacrifices, and as referred to above, often penalized by their employers for taking time off to care for their parents (Kossek, 2001). It has been estimated that the unpaid labor, lost wages, and missed opportunities for caregivers is equivalent to approximately $4.8 billion per year (Singleton, 2000). These remain hidden costs in the ongoing dialogue regarding care of the elderly in thisShow MoreRelatedChallenge of Taking Care Elderly Loved One Essay952 Words   |  4 Pageshome. As a result the challenges of taking care of my mother were her refusal to help, effects to health of careta ker, and family conflicts. My mother lived in her home for 50 years. Getting my mother to leave her home and all that was familiar to her was not easy task. She did not feel like she had to leave because she thought she could take care of herself. Some of the reason according to Mayo Clinic Staff (n.d.) is â€Å"If your loved one is in need of care, he or she is likely dealing with lossRead MoreMy Hidden Quality Is That I Enjoy Taking Care Of Newborns, Toddlers Or Elderlies942 Words   |  4 PagesElvira Heidinger My hidden quality is that I enjoy taking care of newborns, toddlers or elderlies. Usually, I am a very introverted person and I need a long time to open up to people, but it is different if I am with somebody who needs the help. I have a very good connection to them right from the beginning. Taking care of newborns is something I really enjoy. It is my passion to prepare homemade babyfood and to try to stimulate their senses as much as I can in that early stage of their life. HoweverRead MoreElderly Care: Family and Government Should Work Together Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagesresult of these we have a large population of the elderly worldwide since most people live longer. As these groups grow old they become helpless, some are unable to work and while some fall sick to diseases like Alzheimer. The responsibility of taking care of them now either fall into the hands of their immediate family, and in some cases extended family and or the government depending on the culture. However, to make for a result oriented care the government and family needs to work togetherRead MoreCaregiving And The Issues Surrounding Care800 Words   |  4 PagesCaregiving and the issues surrounding care giving for the elderly have been well researched in the fields of family sociology and gerontology. However, most of these accounts are based on the role which children play in taking care of their parents. However, little has been said about the role of grandchildren as a resource for ailing grandparents. The role grandparents play in raising grandchildren is also well researched but the reverse has not been studied significantly. According to Barusch’sRead MoreEthics Of Robot Companionship And Elderly Care1081 Words   |  5 PagesEthics of Robot Companionship and Elderly Care 1. The Ethical Issue The elderly population is growing in the United Sates. According to the Department of Health and Human Service, the older population –people aged 65 and over– â€Å"represented 14.1% in the population in the year 2013 and are expected to grow to be 21.7% of the population by 2040† (â€Å"Administration on Aging† 1). And since many adult children live far away from their parents, some people suggests that using robot as companies can easeRead MoreFamily Values Embedded Within Mexican Culture960 Words   |  4 Pagescaring the burden for elderly care lies within their own family. Within the American culture many family members prefer to put their older members in elder homes. My family is originally from Mexico so I am aware of the family values embedded within Mexican culture. I have never seen a Mexican family have their elderly family members live or be taking care of by somebody else that is not a relative. We live in an American society that does not v alue the care and need for the elderly and prefer to leaveRead MoreShould Elderly Live in Old Folks Home?897 Words   |  4 Pages3. â€Å" The elderly should live in old folks’ home. † Give your opinion. You should write at least 350 words, illustrate your opinion with examples. Caring for the aged has recently been one of the main concerns among many individuals in today’s society. More and more individuals are choosing to send their elderly parents to old folks’ homes instead of living under the same roof as them. The debate has heated among the community today. There are people that agreed to this statement as well as opposedRead MoreChildren Should Not Send Aged Parents to Old Folks Home1304 Words   |  6 Pagesthem rather than staying at home, I strongly agree that the government should introduce laws against parent dumping because old people would like to be close to their family, they will not be well-taken care of in the old folks’ home and they can contribute their help in housework and also taking care of their grandchildren to ease the burden of their children. Firstly, the government should introduce laws against parent dumping. This is due to the fact that many aged parents would like to stay closeRead MoreSandwich Generation : Benefits And Challenges1576 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Sandwich Generation meaning middle-aged adults who are squeezed by competing needs of children and elderly parents to raise and care for them which was termed by Dorothy Miller in 1981.The role of caregivers of sandwich generation is very challenging. It is even harder to take care of elderly with dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. Sandwich Generation has its own benefits and challenges .Its benefits are developing stronger bond within the family, grandkids bonding with grandparents and havingRead MorePhysical Needs For The Elderly1569 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod of life. Many elderly people have specific physical needs where adaptations to their home are necessary or where they need specific equipment for self care. Old age also brings new emotional challenges for the elderly person when the family can be useful in helping to meet the persons mental health needs. Senior citizens experience needs in their social life; they also experience the need for activities with other seni ors. Health needs also negatively affect the elderly and cause multiple physical

Chemical Dispersants Used in Bioremediating Oil Spills - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5065 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS USED IN BIOREMEDIATING OIL SPILLS BY UPORO VICTOR BARIBEFE U2006/5581377 COURSE CODE: ICH 400. 2 COURSE TITTLE: UNDERGRADUATE SEMINAR COURSE LECTURER: MR. GODSON IWUOHA SEPTEMBER, 2010 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 1. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chemical Dispersants Used in Bioremediating Oil Spills" essay for you Create order 1 Introduction .. 2 1. 2 Background on the chemical composition of dispersants . 3 CHAPTER 2 2. History of Dispersants 6 2. 2 Dispersants Reformulation 7 2. 3 Function of dispersants . 7 2. 4 Current Dispersants 8 CHAPTER 3 3. 1 Mechanism of dispersion 12 3. 2 Toxicity of dispersants 5 3. 3 Analysis of the pros and cons to using dispersants at oil spills 17 CHAPTER 4 4. 1 Recommendations for the use of dispersants . 20 4. 2 Suggestions for future analysis and research .. 20 4. 3 References 21 CHAPTER 1 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Over the past couple of years, the use of chemical dispersants has become an increasingly common method to combat oil spills in water bodies. Chemical dispersants are substances applied to spilled oil that disperse oil into the water column rather than leaving it floating on the surface in a slick. When used appropriately, chemical dispersants can be an effective method of response to an oil spill. Following dispersant application, wave energy will cause the oil slick to break up into smaller oil droplets that are rapidly diluted and subsequently biodegraded by micro-organisms occurring naturally in the marine environment. Dispersing spilled oil into the sea by the use of oil spill dispersants can be an environmentally acceptable method of oil spill response. A â€Å"net environmental benefit† will be achieved if the damage that might be caused to marine life by dispersed oil is less than the damage that would have been caused if the oil had come ashore or drifted near to particularly oil-sensitive resources. This justification for dispersant use cannot, however, be imported into every oil spill scenario. Dispersing spilled oil in some circumstances might have the potential to damage marine life that exists in the close vicinity of a dispersing oil slick. Dispersed oil droplets and the chemical components in oil that are transferred into the sea have the potential to exert toxic effects, but only if the oil is present at high enough concentration for prolonged periods. This will only occur if there is not sufficient dilution of the dispersed oil and oil components into the sea. This report amongst other things aims to give an overview of the effectiveness of these oil spill dispersants in bio-remediating oil spills, the types and generations of dispersants available, their toxicity and preference of one mode/type over the other(s). . 2 BACKGROUND ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DISPERSANTS Dispersants are chemical formulations which reduce the surface tension of water allowing the oil to disperse into small droplets in the water column. The dispersants which are available on the market today comprise several components, the most important being a blend of two or three surfactants (surface active agents). Other components of dispersants include the solvent (the carrier of the surfactant) and additives. SURFACTANTS ( SURFACE ACTING AGENTS) The surfactant molecules are the key component of chemical dispersants. Surfactants bind to both oil and water to produce finely dispersed droplets of oil-surfactant molecules. The most common surfactants used are non-ionic (fatty acid esters and ethoxylated fatty acid esters) and anionic (sodium alkyl sulphosuccinate). Surfactants are made up of two parts: an oleophilic or rather lipophilic part (oil loving) and a hydrophilic part (water-loving). When dispersants are sprayed onto an oil slick, the solvent transports and distributes the surfactants through the oil slick to the oil/water interface where they re-arrange so that the oleophilic part of the molecule is in the oil and the hydrophilic part is in the water. This creates a sharp reduction in the surface tension of the oil/water interface and small oil droplets break away from the oil slick with the help of wave energy. Re-coalescence is minimised by the presence of the surfactant molecules on the droplet surface and the reduced probability of encountering other oil droplets as they move apart. There are several different basic chemistries of surfactants. An example of each class is as shown: (1. ) Ethoxylated fatty amines (Cationic) (2. ) Alkylphenol ethoxylate-based surfactants (non-ionic) These surfactants usually include an alcohol as a solvent (isopropanol (X-77 ®, AG-98â„ ¢), butanol (R-11 ®, AG-98â„ ¢ (N)), glycol (AG-98â„ ¢ (N), Activator 90)), a silicone defoamer (polydimethylsiloxane), and water. (3. ) Alcohol ethoxylate-based surfactants (non-ionic) (4. ) Sodium alkyl sulphosuccinate (anionic) (5. ) Silicone-Based Surfactants. Also known as organosilicones, these are increasing in popularity because of their superior spreading ability. This class contains a polysiloxane chain. Some of these are a blend of non-ionic surfactants (NIS) and silicone while others are entirely silicone. The combination of NIS and a silicone surfactant can increase absorption into a plant so that the time between application and rainfall can be shortened. Examples: Sylgard ® 309 , Dyne-Amic ®, Silwet L-77 ® , etc. Blends normally include an alcohol ethoxylate, a defoamer, and propylene glycol. SOLVENTS Solvents must be used because the surfactants are often viscous or solid, and are either hydrocarbon-based or water-based. Modern dispersants are a blend of surfactants in a solvent. The solvent has two functions: * It reduces the viscosity of the surfactants which enables it to be sprayed and, * It promotes the penetration of the surfactant into the oil slick. ADDITIVES Another important component, the additive stabilizes and prevents the oil particle from breaking away from the border area between the oil and the water. These additives are also referred to as stabilizing agents. CHAPTER 2 2. HISTORY OF DISPERSANT Before 1970, chemical dispersants were degreasing agents that were developed to clean tanker compartments and engine rooms. The TORRY CANYON spill off Cornwall, England in 1967 resulted in the use of 6,000 barrels of chemical used to treat a spill of 85,500 barrels of oil. Many of these chemicals were degreasing solvents and were more toxic than the oil itself. The denser surfactants did not evaporate, mix with, or dissolve in water. Instead, they formed a stable â€Å"oil-detergent† emulsion that had a negative synergistic effect causing more harm to the environment than had they done nothing. There was a significant impact to the marine and coastal environment with resulting massive kill off of fish and intertidal invertebrates. Over 10,000 tons of detergents were sprayed on the floating oil. The result of the negative media attention was a poor public image of chemical dispersants. Future dispersant usage saw increasingly better results. In 1979 the Ixtoc 1 spill released more than 3. 5 million barrels of oil. Almost 500 aerial missions were flown applying the dispersant COREXIT 9527 to 1,100 square miles of slick. While dispersants were not used in the US waters, there was successful application of dispersants seen. 2. 2 DISPERSANT REFORMULATION While dispersant application was becoming increasingly more successful, dispersants were being reformulated to address concerns for efficiency and toxicity. COREXIT products are the principle US dispersants. In 1967 EXXON produced COREXIT 7664. This weak-water based product was the first that was specifically formulated for the marine environment. This product was not used during the TORREY CANYON. In 1972 EXXON produced the first â€Å"selfmix† concentrate, COREXIT 9527. This was the first product that could be applied by aircraft. In 1992 EXXON developed COREXIT 9500, which was effective on heavy, weathered and emulsified oils. (Exxon-mobil, 2004) By the third generation of formulas, dispersants consisted of surfactant with little solvent. These were designed to be mixed with water. 2. 3 FUNCTION OF DISPERSANTS Dispersants reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and water and helps the creation of small oil droplets, which move into the water column facilitating quicker natural biological breakdown (biodegradation) and dispersion. By decreasing the size of the oil droplets, and dispersing the droplets in the water column, the oil surface area exposed to the water increases and natural breakdown of the oil is enhanced. Dispersants are used to minimise the environmental impact of an oil spill. Dispersants do not eliminate the problem of an oil spill but are intended as a means of reducing the overall environmental impact of an oil slick at sea. Dispersant use accelerates the weathering and biological breakdown of oil at sea and reduces the impact of oil on sensitive foreshore environments. Oil Spill Dispersants are also highly effective in reducing exposure of sea birds to oil as most sea birds are oiled by slicks on the surface of the sea or in near shore coastal habitats. Dispersed oil is less sticky than undispersed oil, therefore the adhesion and absorption onto surfaces and sediments of dispersed oil is greatly reduced compared with the original oil slick. 2. 4 CURRENT DISPERSANTS Over time, dispersants have developed over what one usually divides into three generations. The first generation of dispersants that came out on the market were hydrocarbon-based and were made of aromatic hydrocarbons, which gave rise to toxic effects. The second generation of dispersants that developed, the so-called ‘conventional dispersants’, contained no aromatic hydrocarbons and are used today in seas where they are applied directly from vessels without dilution. Conventional dispersants are starting to be replaced by the third generation of dispersants, the so-called ‘concentrated dispersants’ because these are easier to handle during clean-up operations. Concentrated dispersants are diluted with water before application, such that the volume problem on vessels and aircrafts decreases. Third generation dispersants are usually divided into two types based on their solvent agent – water-based or hydrocarbon-based. Hydrocarbon-based dispersants The solvent is a hydrocarbon with a low or no aromatic content. These dispersants typically contain between 15-25% surfactant and are intended for neat application to oil. They should not be pre-diluted with sea water since this renders them ineffective. They also require a high application rate of between 1:1 to 1:3 (dispersant to oil). Hydrocarbon-based dispersants are less effective and may be more toxic than concentrate dispersants and, as a consequence, in many countries are not now commonly in use. Concentrate or self-mix dispersants These dispersants contain a blend of different surfactants with both oxygenated and hydrocarbon solvents. They contain a higher concentration of surfactants (25% to 65%) and can be applied either undiluted (neat) or pre-diluted with sea water although it is more common to apply them undiluted. A typical dosage ranges between 1:5 to 1:30 (undiluted dispersant to oil). Water-based concentrated dispersants have a comparatively low toxicity, but require a longer time to disperse oil than ready-mixed products. Due to this time lag, there is a risk of using too much water-based dispersant before the process is complete. The hydrocarbon-based products have a higher toxicity than water-based products but require a lower dose with application. The manufacturers therefore claim that the toxicity levels of both types of products are low. A summary of dispersants used today is provided below (Table 1). Table 1. The table summarises the dispersants used today, application methods and dosages. Standard name| Generation| Type| Application method| Solvent| Dosage(dispersant/oil)| ConventionalDispersants| Second| 1| Not diluted on ships. | No aromatic hydrocarbons| 30-100%| Concentrated dispersants| Third| 2| Diluted on ships. | Water-based (e. g. glycol ether)| 5-15% (concentrated products)| | | 3| Not diluted on ships or airplanes. | Hydrocarbon based. | | The water-based dispersants’ solvent is made up of alcohol, glycols and glycol ethers (mostly ethanol, isopropane, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) to increase its ability to mix with oil and lower the freezing point. Surfactants make up over 20% of these dispersants. The dispersant is applied from ships and diluted before application. Water-based dispersants require a relatively long time to complete dispersion. It has been argued that exceeding the dosage of these substances is common because people’s expectations for oil dispersion are too high. The most important limitation is their sensitivity for extreme temperatures. At high temperatures, there are security risks as certain solvents used in products are fire-hazardous. The most critical temperature area, though, is under 0 °C, because the risk for refreezing in the spreading device is high. The development of concentrated hydrocarbon-based dispersants, also known as self-mixing dispersants, has made the dispersion of oil on the sea surface much faster and easier. Self-mixing dispersants are spread from aircrafts, which means a doubling of the capacity. At present the following oil spill dispersants have been approved under the National Plan guidelines. Their Trade Names are listed below: * Tergo R-40 * Ardrox 6120 * BP-AB * Corexit 9500 * Corexit 9527 * Corexit 9550 * Shell VDC * Shell VDC+ * Slickgone NS * Slickgone LTSW. Composition of common dispersants Corexit 9527 The proprietary composition is not public, however the manufacturers own safety data sheet on Corexit EC9527A says the main components are 2-butoxyethanol and a proprietary organic sulfonate with a small concentration of propylene glycol. Corexit 9500 In response to public pressure, the EPA and Nalco released the list of the six ingredients in Corexit 9500, revealing constituents including sorbitan, butanedioic acid, and petroleum distillates. Corexit EC9500A is mainly comprised of hydrotreated light petroleum distillates, propylene glycol and a proprietary organic sulfonate. Environmentalists also pressured Nalco to reveal to the public what concentrations of each chemical are in the product; Nalco considers that information to be a trade secret, but has shared it with the EPA. Propylene glycol is a chemical commonly used as a solvent or moisturizer in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and is of relatively low toxicity. An organic sulfonate (or organic sulfonic acid salt) is a synthetic chemical detergent that acts as a surfactant to emulsify oil and allow its dispersion into water. The identity of the sulfonate used in both forms of Corexit was disclosed to the EPA in June 2010, as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. Often referred to as docusate sodium, this chemical is the active ingredient in several stool-softener laxatives. Sorbitan (3S)-2-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol| | Sorbitan is a mixture of chemical compounds derived from the dehydration of sorbitol. The mixture can vary, but usually consists of 1,4-anhydrosorbitol, 1,5-anhydrosorbitol and 1,4,3,6-dianhydrosorbitol. Sorbitan is primarily used in the production of surfactants such as polysorbates. Sorbitan esters ( also known as Spans ) are lipophilic non ionic surfactants that are used as emulsifying agents in the preparation of emulsions, creams, and ointments for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use. When used alone they produce stable water-in-oil emulsions but they are frequently used with a polysorbate in varying proportions to produce water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions or creams with a variety of different textures and consistencies. Sorbitan esters are also used as emulsifiers and stabilisers in food. Toxicity The relative toxicity of Corexit and other dispersants are difficult to determine due to a scarcity of scientific data. The manufacturers safety data sheet states No toxicity studies have been conducted on this product, and later concludes The potential human hazard is: Low. According to the manufacturers website, workers applying Corexit should wear breathing protection and work in a ventilated area. Compared with 12 other dispersants listed by the EPA, Corexit 9500 and 9527 are either similarly toxic or 10 to 20 times more toxic. In another preliminary EPA study of eight different dispersants, Corexit 9500 was found to be less toxic to some marine life than other dispersants and to break down within weeks, rather than settling to the bottom of the ocean or collecting in the water. None of the eight products tested are without toxicity, according to an EPA administrator, and the ecological effect of mixing the dispersants with oil is unknown, as is the toxicity of the breakdown products of the dispersant. Corexit 9527, considered by the EPA to be an acute health hazard, is stated by its manufacturer to be potentially harmful to red blood cells, the kidneys and the liver, and may irritate eyes and skin. The chemical 2-butoxyethanol, found in Corexit 9527, was identified as having caused lasting health problems in workers involved in the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. According to the Alaska Community Action on Toxics, the use of Corexit during the Exxon Valdez oil spill caused people respiratory, nervous system, liver, kidney and blood disorders. Like 9527, 9500 can cause haemolysis (rupture of blood cells) and may also cause internal bleeding. According to the EPA, Corexit is more toxic than dispersants made by several competitors and less effective in handling southern Louisiana crude. On May 20, 2010, the EPA ordered BP to look for less toxic alternatives to Corexit, and later ordered BP to stop spraying dispersants, but BP responded that it thought that Corexit was the best alternative and continued to spray it. Reportedly Corexit may be toxic to marine life and helps keep spilled oil submerged. There is concern that the quantities used in the Gulf will create unprecedented underwater damage to organisms. Nalco spokesman Charlie Pajor said that oil mixed with Corexit is more toxic to marine life, but less toxic to life along the shore and animals at the surface because the dispersant allows the oil to stay submerged below the surface of the water. Corexit 9500 causes oil to form into small droplets in the water; fish may be harmed when they eat these droplets. According to its Material safety data sheet, Corexit may also bio accumulate, remaining in the flesh and building up over time. Thus predators who eat smaller fish with the toxin in their systems may end up with much higher levels in their flesh. Effectiveness The oil film will be dispersed in small droplets which intermix with the seawater. The oil is then not only distributed in two dimensions (on the surface) but is dispersed in three (in the water). In handling Louisiana crude Corexit EC9500A (formerly called Corexit 9500) was 54. 7% effective, while Corexit EC9527A was 63. 4% effective. The EPA lists 12 other types of dispersants as being more effective in dealing with oil in a way that is safe for wildlife. One of those tested was Dispersit, which was 100% effective in dispersing Gulf oil and is less toxic to silverfish and shrimp than Corexit. Alternatives UK authorities have an approved list of products which must pass both sea/beach and rocky shore laboratory toxicity tests, following a review of approval procedures over a decade ago. Corexit did not pass the rocky shore test when submitted for renewal of its inclusion on the list, and was dropped. Although it has been omitted from the approved list since 1998, existing stocks which pre-date the removal may be permitted for use away from rocky shorelines, subject to prior approval. SLICKGONE NS Dasic Slickgone NS is one of the best selling Type 3 concentrate dispersants on the world market and has frequently been shown to be the most effective dispersant available for a wide range of different oils including those with a high wax content. Slickgone NS is extremely low in toxicity to marine organisms and is approved by many international approval organisations. SLICKGONE EW Dasic Slickgone EW is the latest member of the product range. Slickgone EW combines high efficiency and low toxicity with an exceptional ability to breakdown chocolate mousses (water in oil emulsions). Slickgone EW will continue to disperse efficiently those oils which have become too weathered to be amenable to conventional dispersants, therefore extending the window of opportunity for dispersant use. Unlike most dispersants, Slickgone EW is also effective on refined oils and bunker fuels making it a truly versatile dispersant for the 21st century. SLICKGONE LTSW Dasic Slickgone LTSW is a water based, hydrocarbon free, concentrate dispersant. It is highly effective at emulsifying crude oils, fuel oils and water in oil emulsions. It has extremely low toxicity and is internationally approved. CHAPTER 3 3. 1 MECHANISM OF DISPERSION Following an oil spill, some of the oil will disperse naturally into the water column. The extent to which this occurs depends on the type of oil spilt and the mixing energy. Oils with a lower viscosity are more amenable to natural dispersion than the ones with a higher viscosity. Natural dispersion takes place when the mixing energy provided by the waves and wind is sufficient to overcome surface tension at the oil/water interface and break the oil slick into droplets of variable sizes. The chemical dispersion process. A: Dispersant droplets containing surfactants are sprayed on to the oil. B: The solvent carries the surfactant into the oil. C: The surfactant molecules migrate to the oil/water interface and reduce surface tension, allowing D: small oil droplets to break away from the slick. E: The droplets disperse by turbulent mixing, leaving only sheen on the water surface. Generally, larger oil droplets will rapidly resurface and then coalesce to form an oil slick, but the smaller droplets will remain suspended in the water column where they will be diluted by turbulence and subsurface currents. The process of natural dispersion takes place in moderately rough seas with breaking waves and winds above 10 knots (5 m/s). Chemical dispersants aid the natural dispersion of oil by reducing the oil/water interfacial tension and, along with the natural motion of the sea, allow the break up of oil on the water into very fine droplets. Effectiveness of oil dispersion by chemical dispersants at sea is governed by a range of conditions and include the: * type and chemistry of the oil, * degree of weathering of the oil, * the thickness of the oil slick, type of dispersant, * droplet size and application ratio, * prevailing sea conditions (wave mixing energy), and * sea temperature and salinity Oil Spill Dispersant effectiveness varies greatly with oil type spilt and the degree of weathering of the oil. For example with increasing wind speed and wave action, the loss of light oil components increases. Evaporation becomes more significant, causing an increase in viscosity and density of th e remaining oil, and forming emulsions with water. The oil slick becomes thicker and heavier. It is generally accepted that for oils over 2000 cSt (Centistockes a measurement of the mobility of oil) viscosity, the effectiveness of oil dispersants decreases significantly. An oil that was easily dispersed may change quickly by wind and wave action into an oil which is not dispersable. To achieve an efficient dispersion, oil droplet size must be in the range of 1 ? m to 70 ? m with the most stable size being less than 45 ? m. Smaller droplets are better as they remain suspended in the water column where they will be diluted rapidly in the top few metres of the sea to below harmful concentrations. The increased surface area provided by the small droplets also enhances the opportunity for biodegradation of the oil. It is important to remember that dispersants are manufactured primarily for use in the marine environment. Their efficiency will be optimum in waters with a salinity of around 30-35 parts per thousand (ppt) but will decrease rapidly in waters with a salinity below 5-10 ppt, especially when pre-diluted. Similarly, efficiency is also affected when salinity rises above 35 ppt. In freshwater, dispersant effectiveness is dramatically reduced because the surfactants tend to travel through the oil layer into the water column instead of stabilising at the oil/water interface. Nevertheless, some dispersants have been specially formulated for use in freshwater. In a confined freshwater system, other factors also need to be considered, such as whether there is sufficient water depth or exchange of water to achieve adequate dilution. 3. 2 TOXICITY OF DISPERSANTS Knowledge on the toxicity of dispersants comes largely from laboratory studies. Only in a few cases have systematic studies been carried out on the toxicity of dispersants at a spill. No common standard method for testing the effectiveness of dispersants has been developed yet, other than certain oil companies’ and institutes that have developed their own tests. This has made it difficult to compare different products on the market and has also resulted in wide variances in quality among products on the market. The need remains to develop a testing system that is accepted by all countries and is used for the approval of products based on the requirements of each country. se tests to measure the effectiveness of dispersants. Test results of approved first generation dispersants showed them to be highly poisonous on test organisms. Toxicity values around 1 mg/L (measured as 48 h LC50, the concentration that kills 50% of test organisms within 48 hours of exposure) were registered for many adult marine invertebrates. Examples of products that showed such valu es include BP 1002, Slickgone, Gamlen, Essolvene and Finasol SC. The most harmful component in dispersants is the solvent, with very high aromatic concentrations. Second generation dispersants showed lower toxicity values, often between 1 000 – 10 000 mg/L (48 h LC50) in adult organisms. Examples of such products include BP 1100X, some Corexits and Finasol OSR-2. (Lehtinen, 1981). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted toxicity tests on several of the dispersants they allow. Tables 4 through 7 summarise the toxicity of four different dispersants Corexit 9500, Corexit 9527, Dispersit 1000 and JD-109. The tests studied the toxicity of dispersants alone, dispersants with oil, and oil alone. The toxicity tests were carried out on the minnow Menidia beryllina (96-hours test) and the crustacean Mysidopsis bahia (48-hours). (EPA, 2001). In summary, the studies suggest that a mixture of oil and dispersant give rise to a more toxic effect on aquatic organisms than oil and dispersants do alone. Analyses of dispersants alone showed that Corexit 9500 and 9527 are the least harmful for aquatic organisms. Dispersit 1000 and JD-109 showed similar toxicity levels as the oil products. 3. 3 ANALYSIS OF THE PROS AND CONS TO USING DISPERSANTS AT OIL SPILLS An account of the pros and cons for the use of dispersants to combat oil spills n the sea is presented in Table 2. From an environmental point of view, the best method to control oil is naturally to remove the oil from the water using mechanical methods. When these methods do not work or there are other reasons for not using them, chemical dispersion of oil can be an alternative. If the decision is made to use dispersants instead of m echanical combat methods, one should keep in mind that chemically dispersed oil reduces the chances for later mechanical clean-up. Dispersants can only be used within a limited time period. The window for using dispersants at an oil spill is short. In addition, applying dispersants is only possible during daylight hours when one can still see the extent of the oil. In certain situations, using dispersants to combat oil spills in seas can be preferred as mechanical control actions are not always successful. Chemical dispersion prevents the oil from emulsifying. The advantage of chemical control is that it decreases the damage oil can cause on birds and marine mammals. In addition, the number of incidents where the oil slick affects beaches will also be reduced or prevented. In the case of an oil slick moving towards the coast, strategic use of dispersants can disperse the oil vertically towards deeper waters instead of it moving along the water surface towards shallower and more productive areas by the coast. If the oil is not sufficiently dispersed, there is even a risk that drops coagulate again and build a new film of oil. It is therefore important for the amount of mixing energy to be high for effective dispersion. Table 2. Pros and cons for the use of dispersants at oil spills. Pros| Cons| The oil does not remain on the water surface * Often the method that produces the fastest results * Compared to other methods, dispersants are more effective in weather conditions that create fast mixing of water * Easy to apply * Prevents the oil from emulsifying * Grinds up the oil making natural decomposition easier * Seabirds and marine mammals can be saved * Prevents oil contamination of beaches| * Builds an oil cloud underwater and can product harmful effec ts for aquatic organisms that would otherwise not have been affected by the oil * Not always effective on all oil types * Limited window of time for use (relatively short) * Application is only possible when the oil slick is visible * Must be used where water masses are large for effective dilution * Mixing of oil and dispersants can be more toxic than each part individually * Few studies looking at long-term effects in the field * If the oil is not sufficiently dispersed, drops can coagulate again * Oil drops can settle * During beach clean-up, dispersants can increase the penetration of oil into the sedimentation * Few field studies on the effects of bioaccumulation| CHAPTER 4 4. 1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USE OF DISPERSANTS Based on the knowledge garnered on dispersants and their effects, one can recommend their use on Nigerian waters. This is based on the deciding factors for effective dispersion – water temperature, salinity, and amount of mixing energy. Before dispersants can be recommended at all, more studies need to be conducted looking at the spread and bioaccumulation of dispersants at sea and what effects they can give rise to. 4. 2 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE ANALYSIS AND RESEARCHS Over the course of this research, gaps in current knowledge were identified. The main areas that need future research are the spread of dispersants and how dispersion products and dispersed oil bio-accumulate. The long-term effects of dispersants need to be studied. In order to adequately understand the effects of oil dispersants on aquatic systems, the following studies should be undertaken: †¢ Long-term effects of dispersed oils on aquatic organisms †¢ Bioaccumulation of dispersants and dispersed oil †¢ Is there a risk that dispersed oil may coagulate again? †¢ Analysis of the environmental effects of dispersants used on past oil spills †¢ Analysis of the use of sinkers, beach cleaning agents, etc. 4. 3 REFERENCES 1. Belore, Randy. â€Å"The History of Chemical Dispersants in the United States. † Petroleum Association of Japan Esymposium, 2004. 2. Bonn Agreement, 2001. Counter pollution manual: Chapter 20. Homepage 2001-02-26:https://www. bonnagreement. org 3. Chemicals Meant To Break Up BP Oil Spill Present New Environmental Concerns. ProPublica. https://www. propublica. org/article/bp-gulf-oil-spill-dispersants-0430. Retrieved 2010-05-07. 4. Considering Dispersant Planning Caps. U. S. Coast Guard, 1998. https://www. uscg. mil/vrp/reg/disperse2. shtml#potential Dispersants. 5. Danish EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2001. National structure – Spill notification point and response authority for clean-up operation at sea. 6. Dispersant Pre-approval status throughout the U. S. U. S. Coast Guard, 2004. https://www. uscg. mil/vrp/reg/disperse. shtml 7. Elmgren, R. , Hansson, S. , Larsson, U. , Sundelin, U. och Boehm, P. D. 1983. The â€Å"Thesis† Oil Spill: Acute and Long-Term Impact on the Benthos†. Marine Biology 73, pp. 51-65. 8. Environment Canada, 2001. Oil spill dispersants. Environment Canada’s homepage 2001-05-14: https://www. atl. ec. gc. ca/epb/envfacts/oil 9. ExxonMobil, 2004 https://www. prod. exxonmobil. com/scitech/leaders/capabilities/ mn_downstream_safety_dispersants. html 10. Jamie Anderson (May 23, 2010). BP to persist with Corexit 9500 dispersant. themoneytimes. com. https://www. themoneytimes. com/featured/20100523/bp-persist-corexit-9500-dispersant-id-10114389. html. Retrieved June 26, 2010. 11. Juliet Eilperin (2010-05-20). Post Carbon: EPA demands less-toxic dispersant. Washington Post. https://views. washingtonpost. com/climate-change/post-carbon/2010/05/epa_demands_less_toxic_dispersant. html. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 12. Ministry for the Environment and Energy’s homepage 2001-05-09: https://www. mst. dk/ DeCola, Elise G. 1999. Dispersed Oil Toxicity Issues, A National Research Council. â€Å"Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea. † 1989. 13. National Contingency Plan Overview. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Program, 2004. https://www. epa. gov/oilspill/ncp 14. National Contingency Plan Product Schedule. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www. epa. gov/emergencies/content/ncp/product_schedule. htm. Retrieved 2010-05-21. 15. Paul Quinlan (2010-05-24). Secret Formulas, Data Shortages Fuel Arguments Over Dispersants Used for Gulf Spill. New

Ethical Leadership in the Master of Science Leadership...

Leaders make critical decisions between right, wrong, and the lesser of two evils every day. These decisions can affect the person making the decision, their employees, and goals of the organization. There are many readings that describe ethics and leadership, but ethical leadership is basically knowing your inner values and having the courage to steadfastly live by them for the purpose of the common good. Southwestern Colleges Master of Science in Leadership program has given me a firm understanding of how important ethical reasoning is and how it impacts, good and bad, an organization. My first artifact, LEAD505 Leadership and Ethics Assignment explains that theres a strong relationship between good leadership and ethics. Since†¦show more content†¦My second artifact, LEAD505 Ethical Decision Making Assignment is significant because it contributes towards understanding that I may never truly feel comfortable with a specific outcome of a tough ethical decision. 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Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Problem with the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. What are the Ethical Issues involved? Answer: Introduction The environment of the global business in the 21st century is very complex. Ethical issues are found in all kinds of business companies irrespective their sizes. The business organisation develops ethics codes of conducts so that the employees of the organisation will follow them and act accordingly. The most important complex ethical issues faced by the business organisations are decision making, compliance governance and the diverse cultures. Ethical dilemmas Ethical dilemmas the identification of the ethical based course of action are the important concern of the business organisations to prepare a framework for the ethical decision making. The recognition of the ethical issue, getting the facts, evaluation of the alternative course of action is the most important activities of the business organisations before making a decision test its reliability. The focus of the ethical decision making follows a process that will protect the employees of the organisation and will ensure that the entire operations of the organisation are conducted in a fair just manner( Parker Evans, 2014). The ethical decision making also ensures that the values beliefs of the individual employees of the organisation are protected. Discrimination Discrimination in the male dominated environment of the organisation is ordinarily found. A new female employee faces difficulty and sometimes complains against the inappropriate behaviour of the male employees. In this context, the management of the business organisation plans to organise training on sensitivity. Sometimes the management plans to move the female employee to a different location so that she will not be treated differently. In fact treating the female employee of the organisation differently is treated as the discrimination based on unethical conduct. Utilitarian ethics always does good for the employees of the organisation and limits the harm of the employees. The moral rights of the employees of the organisation are respected and protected by the correct approach of the ethical standard. In the process of the decision making, the just approach of the decision maker creates equality among all the employees. The ethical decision making focuses on promoting employees of the organisation(Vitez, 2017). The ethical decision making promotes the organisation as a whole. The decision-making process of the organisation fails when the individual profit is considered. The lack of ethical decision making enhances individual benefits and these lead to the lawful liabilities for the organisation. The problem with the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. What are/were the ethical issues involved? The problem with the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is considered as one of the most important ethical dilemmas that have been faced by the petroleum industry in the current time. The oil spill happened in the year 2010 and it continued for three months(Rubia, 2010). The oil spill occurred due to the release of the gas followed by the explosion that caused eleven lives seventeen injuries. This caused a fearful impact on the environment and polluted the land seas. Ethical issues related to the oil spill The ethical issues related to the incident are related to the negligence of the management to take care of the safety issues in the Gulf coast and avoiding the warnings the problems raised by various reports. The reports also focus that the oil spill is due to the decline in the performance quality( Malik, 2010). The pleas of the employees related to the potential risks were neglected by the management of the organisation and the data on the risks were considered as the fake data. The entire situation reveals that there were safety issues and the ethical dilemmas are related to the huge failure of the maintaining the integrity of the system that was required to be maintained in the workplace of the organisation(ABERNETHY, 2010). Failures of BP The series of accidents brought a decline in the reputations of the company. The effects of the accidents on the environment the human rights have been proved unethical. In 2005, the accident in Texas City caused the death of the fifteen workers and 180 injuries. The investigation on the accident indicates that the cost cutting approach high production caused a decline in the safety regulations of the refinery. The company failed to clean the pipeline as per the law. The poor ethical decisions failure of the management by the executives of BP caused to pay a huge fine. The disaster could have been avoided by controlling offshore drilling. The company was required to prepare for the product disaster so that it would get the permission for the offshore operation. The company crafted poor plans and the plans were nonspecific and the plans were also based on the false information. Disaster in the Deepwater Horizon The faults in the internal external regulations and the failure of the philosophy of management to reduce to cost and taking risk brought the explosion in the Deepwater Horizon and that caused gas leak subsequently. The explosion on 20thof April, 2010 at BPs Deepwater Horizon oil rig, Gulf of Mexico caused the death of eleven workers. This created a huge oil spill five thousand below the surface and it had continued for eighty-seven days(Barron, 2012). It was the worst marine spill that spread around six hundred miles of the coastline. This caused the death of 1000s birds, fish marine animals. This invaded wetlands marshes. The estimation made on the loss indicated that around fifty-three thousand barrels of oil were leaked per day. Failure of Halliburton ,Transocean and MMS The responsibility of oil leak was also owned by Transocean that was given the charge of Deepwater Horizon(Colwell, 2014). Halliburton was given the responsibility of cementing the procedure. The failure of these two companies to perform their tasks was also one of the reasons for the oil spill. The attempts by the engineers for capping the leaks became successful on fifteenth of July and on September 19ththe well was sealed officially. With the joint efforts of BP, the Coast Guard, MMS the volunteers groups the entire containment cleanup were made. In Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi Florida command posts of the incidents were created in order to oversee the containment of the offshore the response of the onshore. There were installations of the marine protection booms(Susskind, 2015). In order to stop the spread of the oil, ships aircraft were used. The company also trained people to help in the cleanup area and the programme was named as Vessels of Opportunity programme. Unethical management directives of BP The damage caused for the unethical management directive impacted on the organisation. The organisation wanted to control the information about the effects. The company issued press releases so that it can motivate people(Kroh Conathon, 2012).The company depicted that it supports to Transocean after drilling rig fire. The company through its press release wanted to prove that Transocean is responsible for the oil spill and now BP will help it to work for consolidating the situation. In other press releases, the company informed about the progress of the cleanup movement the grants of twenty-five million dollars to the coastal states(Safina, 2011). The company also made an unethical work by forcing the workers volunteers to sign the confidential clauses. Theories on the corporate responsibilities of Thomas Donaldson focus on three conditions that govern the fundamental international rights. These conditions are: The right that protects subject of extreme significance This should be subject to importance The burden of it is affordable economically. The ownership of the property right, right to enjoy use the natural resources the right to survival are the fundamental international rights that are violated by the oil spill at Deepwater Horizon. The spill brought huge loss to the marine life and caused eight thousand birds death and deform of the seafood. The fishing industry suffered a lot due to the collapse of commercial recreational fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. The tourism industry, restaurant owners were affected by the explosion(Juhasz, 2011). The duties of the states, individuals the multinational companies are to avoid depriving, protect from depriving assist the deprived.The duty of the corporations is to help the deprived. All the companies remain failed to protect from the deprivation. BP could do nothing to help the tourism sector and the fishing industry that faced huge loss due to the oil spill(Petrolia, 2015). The attempt of BP to aid the deprived was too late. BP and other related companies took many wrong decisions that violated the ethical responsibilities of the company. Conclusion The devastating explosion at Deepwater Horizon occurred due to the missteps taken by BP, Transocean, Halliburton the MMS. The companies neglected their responsibilities acted in an unethical way. The decision of the management of the company was poor and unethical. There was a need of reformation of the relationship between the oil industry the officials of the government. The conflict of interest within the organisation of MMS needed to be eliminated. The implementation of the new rules is required to be made in order to avoid such a disaster in the future days. The individual companies require following the regulations of safety risk-management so that it will prevent the society to face any harm in future. Bibliography Malik, S. (2010, 06 29). Ethical questions surrounding the BP Oil Spill | Practical Ethics. Retrieved from blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2010/06/ethical-questions-surrounding-the-bp-oil-spill/ Parker, C., Evans, A. (2014). Inside Lawyers' Ethics - Page 347 - Google Books Result. Retrieved from Christine Parker, Adrian Evans: https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=110764173X ABERNETHY, B. (2010, 07 09). Gulf Oil Spill Ethics | July 9, 2010 | Religion Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS. Retrieved from www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2010/07/09/july-9...gulf-oil-spill-ethics/6634/ Barron, M. G. (2012). Ecological Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Retrieved from journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0192623311428474 Colwell, R. R. (2014). Understanding the effetcs of the deep water Horizon oil spill. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/.../article/.../Understanding-the-Effects-of-the-Deepwater-Hori... Juhasz, A. (2011). Black Tide: The Devastating Impact of the Gulf Oil Spill. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Kroh, K., Conathon, M. (2012, 04 19). The Lasting Impact of Deepwater Horizon.Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2012/04/19/11409/the-lasting-impact-of-deepwater-horizon/gt;. Petrolia, D. R. (2015). What Have We Learned from the Deepwater Horizon Disaster? An .. Retrieved from cbe.miis.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002context=joce Rubia, S. (2010, 11 11). The Deepwater Horizon Spill: An Ethical Nightmare | Business . Retrieved from https://bizgovsoc4.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/the-deepwater-horizon-spill-an-ethical-nightmare/ Safina, C. (2011, 04 19). The 2010 Gulf of Mexico Oil Well Blowout: A Little Hindsight - PLOS. Retrieved from journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001049 Susskind, A. M. (2015, 09 1). How the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Damaged the Environment. Retrieved from scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1209context=chrpubs Vitez, O. (2017). Decision Making in Business Ethics. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/decision-making-business-ethics-446.html

Managing Volatile Employees Essay Example

Managing Volatile Employees Essay Managing Volatile Employees Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Volatile Employees specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Volatile Employees specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Volatile Employees specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Managing Volatile Employees The features of Employment Discrimination laws include factors aimed at preventing discrimination based on issues such as race, religion, gender, country of origin, age, and physical disability by employers (Piechowski 2011). Law is also extending its bounds to include prevention of employers discriminating qualified individuals based on their sexual orientation. The discriminatory issues include bias in promotion, hiring, termination of duty, compensation, and various harassment issues. The main organ of employment discriminations regulatory laws comprise of state and federal statutes. The constitution of the United States and a number of state constitutions offer additional safeguards in cases, where the employer is a government entity, or if the government has taken steps to cultivate discrimination practices of the employer. In the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments, restrictions have been put to ensure that state and federal employers do not discriminate in the employment proc ess. In the case of Jack, he can use the Americans with Disability Act of 1990 to contest the reasons as to why he was put on leave. The ADA provides that it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities (Blanck 2000). The supervisor is aware of his psychological condition. To be reinstated to his previous position or be reassigned to another position, Jack will have to raise his concerns using the grievance procedure of the company. The supervisor, fully aware of his condition as the cause for Jack’s anger issues, should have invoked disciplinary action that would be sorted out through grievance procedures. Grievance procedure is referred to as a process in which an employee can present concerns about the workplace to higher levels of the management (Perritt 2006). This procedure is more formal as compared to mediation and necessitate strict adherence to the rules. The grievance procedure offers a manual that indicate the relevant rules to the procedure. Failure to adhere to the rules is ground to deny one’s right to the process. The grievance procedure can be carried out in four stages or phases. The fist phase consists of administration resolution steps, the second step is the qualifying the grievance for hearing. The third phase is when a hearing takes place, and in the final stage, a review of the hearing is carried out to present a decision. Under grievances laws, there are issues that cannot get to the hearing stage. These include issues to deal with layoffs, assignments, or matters pertaining to inclusions of personnel guidelines (Perritt 2006). However, other issues direc tly qualify for hearing such as matters involving disciplinary or dismissal action because of poor employee performance (Piechowski 2011). Using the stages in the grievance process, Jack can seek to be reinstated citing that he has been placed on leave because of his bipolar disability. Bipolar conditions have been verified as a disability for individuals who have it (Blanck 2000). In the management resolution steps, the supervisor can consult with his superiors to ascertain the eligibility of the claim. However, since the supervisor is aware of Jack’s situation, it will be easy for the claim to qualify for a hearing. Jack’s supervisor can claim disorderly conduct of the employee to illicit disciplinary action. Disciplinary action will directly qualify for a hearing by the grievance committee. It is at this stage that Jack may invoke the power of the constitution claiming that he has a bipolar disorder. Bipolar condition is not easily reversed, thus, being put on leave means that he might never go back to work. After deliberation by the committee, Jack will be reinstated in his previous position. However, it would be better for the committee has reassigns him to a station that will enable him to avoid confrontational situations. This will ensure that his volatile nature is controlled to avoid inconveniences on other employees.

Vietnam opinion essays

Vietnam opinion essays Vietnam was between 1661-1975 tom Davis was the first solider to be killed in action on dec.22, 1961. When the conflict ended 2.5 million died Vietnamese, Cambodians, Laotians, French, and Americans. The Vietnam was the only war we have ever lost thus the United States seizes to make an acknowledgment that they had failed and killed many U.S. soldiers. Many of them n in Vietnam were only around the age 18-20 90% of them at least by 1965 when draft for the war really picked up. We had watched movies on Vietnam and how it affected so many lives the building of the memorial was quite a conflict after the design contest for the memorial was won. Out of 1,421 entries Maya Ying Lin, 22 year old graduate of Yale which was originally a class project. We discussed the confrontation of here seeing U.S P.O.Ws and she called them baby killers (may not be true) for bombing supposable innocent village but I think that they do the orders given and if she did I would think that if she is making so mething marking are countries soldiers then what does she think shes doing criticizing the soldiers how fought in the war. It just kind of seems odd that a lot of people dislike Maya Ying that have served in the war and have nothing good to say about her. To me somebody whose suppose to be history in the making it just seems that the majority of them would like her and her idea. I personally think that the wall is breath taking and Ive personally seen it last year in Washington on marketing trip and visited everything their. But not in a physical aspect I think her idea was the best but in a mental aspect I think that I wasnt the right place at the right time for her. Its noticeable to see from most of the soldiers even the older guy who visited the class said I would rather not talk about it presuming that theirs going to be a negative side to what he has to say about her. On the wall their were 58,175 names of sold...

Decision Making in the Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision Making in the Military - Essay Example There are other aspects of decision making in the military that can be solely considered as the art of war; such as effective leadership, intricacies of given operations and the ambiguity relative to enemy actions. The decision making process in the military has been chosen to be discussed in this paper because it is considered as an entirely analytical approach towards solving problems. Main Body Strategic decisions in the army are considered to be non routine because routine decisions in regard to effectively managing resources as per established processes and clearly defined plans relate to the technical functions of management. Routine decisions are mostly made by middle level managers or supervisors having the required authority for initiating such actions. But non routine decisions relate to adaptive work whereby senior leadership has to look into the broader implication of the given situation, take active roles in describing the issue, effectively examine the possible solution s and eventually decide about the course of action. In this context, the United States Army War College (USAWC) has defined strategic leadership as the process that impacts the â€Å"achievement of a desirable and clearly understood vision by influencing the organizational culture, allocating resources, directing through policy and directive, and building consensus† (Allen and Coates, 2009, p.4). The commander is always responsible for the decision making process in his unit and takes decisions about that will be done in every situation. The plan depends upon clearly articulating the visualization of the battlefield. The commander plans, prepares for and executes the operations. From the beginning to the end his personal involvement is crucial because his focused participation proves to be a guiding factor for staff. With the help of his staff, the commander explores all possibilities and the probable enemy course of action while analyzing and comparing his unit’s abil ity with that of the enemy. The staff has to integrate information on a collective basis by adopting high levels of technical competence for assisting the commander in his decision making process with the objective of achieving efficient outcomes (Snowden and Boone, 2007). In both the military and business organizations, decision making is a crucial element of management and wrong choices can immensely harm the planned objectives. Military commanders and business leaders need to make decisions by avoiding common biases in arriving at and implementing ethical and sound decisions. In defense establishments, a major challenge has been to manage the impact of the current organizational culture on the practices and standards of decision making. According to the Harvard Business School’s guidance on decision making processes, â€Å"A command and control culture tends to make decisions in line with the preferences of powerful individuals. No matter how well informed they may be â⠂¬ ¦ every decision is ad hoc and there is no consistent approach to dealing with important choices† (Harvard Business Essentials, 2006, p.6). It cannot be said that all defense establishments are characterized with a culture of command and control, but there is a need to be in the know of risks associated with the creation of such an environment. Military command

Managing Through Information Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Through Information - Research Paper Example By analysing their opinions the exact points and places of developing infrastructure can be identified and the required action can be taken. The details are about expenditure and the tourist satisfaction. So every analysis and action taken must be on how far the tourists are using the existing infrastructure and the steps that can be taken to maximise them. The people are completely dependent on tourism for four months as they have no other occupation than fishing. It stresses the importance of developing tourism industry by increasing facilities for them, which makes them visit the Island frequently resulting in increase of revenue. Comments : The standard deviation for German is more and Italians follow them. This tells that the people from that nationality are using different types of accommodations, transport facilities from cheaper ones to costlyones. But the standard deviations of British and French are less compared to German and Italian. Though these to nationals also have much difference from the mean of spending that difference is however less telling that increasing of infrastructure and facilities for low cost increase more number German and Italian tourists. This may result in more than 25% percent increase in revenues from the tourism Comments: The individual spendin... British German French Italian Mean 105, 108, 106, 104, Sample Standard Deviation 14 18 16 15 Standard Error 2.5 3 2.8 3.1 Estimate of Mean Upper Limit 72 78 77 76 Lower Limit 125 135 130 134 Comments: The individual spending regarding each nationality also varies in the same way as group spending. But here French follows Germany and the increase of accommodation for individuals increase the tourists from Germany and France. The increase of facilities and accommodation for group or for family is capable of increasing tourists from British and Italy, as in the case of British and Italian nationals the deviation in spending from the mean is less. By increasing facilities for less charges may increase tourists from Germany and France. Task 1(c) - Difference in Means of Group Spending Standard Error British German French Italian British 0 5 1 2.9 German 5 0 4.9 2.0 French 1 4.9 0 4.1 Italian 2.9 2 4.1 0 Z-score British German French Italian British 0 2.2 1.1 3.5 German 2.2 0 6 2.2 French 1.1 6 0 2.2 Italian 3.5 2.2 2.2 0 Comments :The value of the Z Score is better for British and German, Italian and British, Italian and German , Italian and French. This means that gaining Italian tourists is more probable than gaining British nationals. Similarly gaining German tourists is more probable than attracting French. This means that the improving of infrastructure attracts tourists from Italy and Germany. Difference in Means of Individual Spending Standard Error British German French Italian British 0 3 1 1 German 3 0 2 4 French 1 2 0 2 Italian 1 4 3 0 Z-score British German French Italian British 0 2.2 1.1 3.5 German 2.2 0 6 2.2 French 1.1 6 0 2.2 Italian 3.5 2.2 2.2 0 Comments : The value of the Z Score is better

The Increasingly Competitive Business Environment Marketing Essay

The Increasingly Competitive Business Environment Marketing Essay The increasingly competitive business environment is due to the tremendous increase of organizations is pressing businesses to rethink its marketing philosophy, in order to stand out from the crowded and information overload global environment. Many marketing concepts and philosophies are suggested, by theoreticians, academicians, practitioners and consultants. In this writing, the most basic but practical marketing concepts and ideas will be introduced. These concepts and models are powerful as it is straightforward, rational and have been applied successfully in many business contexts. The effective marketing concepts to be introduced and discussed here is the Segmentation-Targeting-Positioning Value Delivery Process and the 4P Marketing Mix framework. For practicality purposes, a case study on these subjects will also be presented, to understand how these concepts are being applied successfully in the real life. Recommendations on how to further improve marketing activities are al so presented later. The article conclude with acknowledgement that although complicated marketing theories and frameworks are available, successfully executing the fundamentals and marketing principles is already sufficient to ensure a company to achieve competitive advantages in the marketplace. LITERATURE REVIEW The Concepts and Definition of Marketing Theoretically, marketing is a broad term dealing with identifying and delivering value to human and society. Marketing is about meeting human and society needs, and from the business standpoints, to meeting those needs in a profitable manner. There are various definitions concerning the subject of marketing. For example, a widely cited definition of marketing as defined by the American Marketing Association is as follow: marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefits the organization and its stakeholder. Some researchers argue that such a definition is commercial-oriented and have been proposing a marketing definition that is more socially oriented. From the sociology perspective, marketing is the process whereby individuals or a team of individuals attain their needs by creating, promoting and exchanging valuable products and services with one another. Generally, in today business environment, there are three broad categories of marketing concept. All of these concepts are based on a customer-oriented and sense-and-respond selling philosophy. The first type of marketing concept is called the reactive market orientation concept, where a company tries to understand and meet the customers expressed needs. The second type of marketing concept is the proactive marketing orientation concept, where the company takes initiative to understand the hidden needs of customers and find ways to meet those untold needs. Lastly, the third one is the total marketing orientation concept, where the company will practice both the reactive and proactive marketing philosophy in delivering values to the society. Marketing is essentially a process to create, deliver and satisfy consumers or customers needs and wants. The entire marketing process is thus often described as a value delivery process where it is concerning about how an organization create and deliver its value proposition to the society. There are various philosophy and perspectives in defining how an organization should deliver value to the society. Generally speaking, the value creation and delivery process contain three stages. The first stage is to choose the specific value proposition. In this stage, the market must perform comprehensive researches on the marketplace before he can expect to successfully deliver valuable goods and services to the marketplace. The STP formula is a widely known marketing concept in this stage, where STP stands for segmentation, targeting and positioning. Specifically, the marketer must segment the market, select the relevant market target and then to develop the value offerings positioning. In the second stage, marketer provides value to the society. The concepts of marketing mix, namely the 4P or the 7P framework is often applied here. In this stage, marketer decides how he is going to provide the value to society from the products, price, place, and promotion dimensions. In the t hird stage, the market must communicate the value proposition to the society, and this can be done through promotion, advertising, sales force, branding and even by exercising Corporate Social responsibility in the marketplace. The STP Process Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning According to Kotler et. al. (2004), the formula of STP, namely segmentation, targeting and positioning is the essence of strategic marketing. As mentioned before, the three steps are important for a marketer to plan how the value offered is to be delivered to the society. The paragraphs below will discuss these steps in details. Market Segmentation. Market segmentation is an adaptive strategy. It consists of the partition of the market with the purpose of selecting one or more market segments which the organization can target through the development of specific marketing mixes that adapt to particular market needs. But market segmentation need not be a purely adaptive strategy: The process of market segmentation can also consist of the selection of those segments for which a firm might be particularly well suited to serve by having competitive advantages relative to competitors in the segment, reducing the cost of adaptation in order to gain a niche. This application of market segmentation serves the purpose of developing competitive scope, which can have a powerful effect on competitive advantage because it shapes the configuration of the value chain. Through market segmentation the firm can provide higher value to customers by developing a market mix that addresses the specific needs and concerns of the se lected segment. Targeting. Once the firm has chosen a market segment it must choose a generic competitive strategy. At this point it is also necessary to review the selected strategy across segments and explore general strategic approaches. In some cases it might become apparent that a counter-segmentation strategy is applicable. In other cases, the development of distinct mixes for each segment uncovers inconsistencies or lack of resources at the corporate level and so it is necessary to revert to the segment evaluation stage. According to Kotler (2004) the only sustainable generic strategy in a segmented market is differentiation. He explains that the only other generic competitive strategy alternative (low cost) is not sustainable in a segmented market. In addition, a strategy successful at differentiating must generate customer value, provide perceived value, and be difficult to copy. At this point in the process the company selects those ways in which it will distinguish itself from its competi tors. In most cases the differentiation involves multiple elements. One way to differentiate is through brand equity building. A strategy based on brand is likely to be sustainable because it creates competitive barriers. A brand strategy permits the strategist to work with complex concepts and not limit the differentiation strategy to just a few competitive differences. This approach is consistent and reinforces the STP approach. A successful brand strategy builds barriers to protect the selected position by creating associations of the positioning variables with the brand name in the prospects mind. Positioning. According to researchers, the positioning strategy should include three components: customer targets, which are the product of the segmentation study; competitor targets, which are a product of the analysis of external environment; and competitive advantage, which is also a product of the environmental analysis. In developing the positioning objective, researcher is arguing that positioning is not what you do to the product, but what you do to the mind. Understanding how the mind receives, stores or rejects information will improve the chances of making the positioning objective coincide with actual positioning in the target audience. Marketing Mix The 7P marketing Mix Framework is a famous and practical tool widely used by researchers or practitioners. In the following section, all these elements of 7P will be discussed in details. Product. This is about defining the characteristics of your product or service to meet the customers needs. It must provide value to a customer but does not have to be tangible at the same time. Basically, it involves introducing new products or improvising the existing products. Price: This is about deciding on a pricing strategy. Even if you decide not to charge for a service, it is useful to realize that this is still a pricing strategy. Identifying the total cost to the user (which is likely to be higher than the charge you make) is a part of the price element. Pricing must be competitive and must entail profit. The pricing strategy can comprise discounts, offers and the like. Lots of factors affect the end price of a product, for example, the costs of production or the business need to maximize profits or sales. A products price also needs to provide value for money in the market and attract consumers to buy. There are several pricing strategies that a business can use: (a) Cost based pricing this can either simply cover costs or include an element of profit; it focuses on the product and does not take account of consumers, (b) Penetration price an initial low price to ensure that there is a high volume of purchases and market share is quickly won; Thi s strategy encourages consumers to develop a habit of buying, and (c) Price skimming an initial high price for a unique product encouraging those who want to be first to buy to pay a premium price; This strategy helps a business to gain maximum revenue before a competitors product reaches the market. Promotion. Promotion is how the business tells customers that products are available and persuades them to buy. Promotion is either above-the-line or below-the-line. Above-the-line promotion is directly paid for, for example TV or newspaper advertising. Below-the-line is where the business uses other promotional methods to get the product message across: (a) Events or trade fairs help to launch a product to a wide audience. Events may be business to consumer (B2C) whereas trade fairs are business to business (B2B), (b) Direct mail can reach a large number of people but is not easy to target specific consumers cost-effectively, (c) Public relations (PR) includes the different ways a business can communicate with its stakeholders, through, for example, newspaper press releases. Other PR activities include sponsorship of high profile events like Formula 1 or the World Cup, as well as donations to or participation in charity events, (d) Branding a strong and consistent brand identity di fferentiates the product and helps consumers to understand and trust the product. This aims to keep consumers buying the product long-term, and (e) Sales promotions, for example competitions or sampling, encourage consumers to buy products in the short-term. Public Relations are included within Promotion by many marketing people (though PR people tend to see it as a separate discipline). It includes the various ways of communicating to the customers of what the company has to offer. It is about communicating about the benefits of using a particular product or service rather than just talking about its features. Place/ distribution channel. Place refers to: (a) how the product arrives at the point of sale. This means a business must think about what distribution strategies it will use and (b) where a product is sold. This includes retail outlets like supermarkets or high street shops. It also includes other ways in which businesses make products directly available to their target market, for example, through direct mail or the Internet. People. Good information services are not likely to be delivered by people who are unskilled or de-motivated; People refer to the customers, employees, management and everybody else involved in it. It is essential for everyone to realize that the reputation of the brand that you are involved with is in the peoples hands. Process. This is about the way in which the user gets hold of the service (e.g., the way in which a document or a search can be ordered). It refers to the methods and process of providing a service and is hence essential to have a thorough knowledge on whether the services are helpful to the customers, if they are provided in time, if the customers are informed in hand about the services and many such things. Physical evidence. It refers to the experience of using a product or service. When a service goes out to the customer, it is essential that you help him see what he is buying or not. For example- brochures, pamphlets etc serve this purpose. It is the material part of a service. Strictly speaking there are no physical attributes to a service, so a consumer tends to rely on material cues. There are many examples of physical evidence, including some of the following: packaging; internet/web pages; paperwork (such as invoices, tickets and dispatch notes); brochures; furnishings; signage (such as those on aircraft and vehicles); uniforms; business cards; the companys building and etc. CASE STUDY: NIVEA Introduction to the Company NIVEAÂ ® is an established name in high quality skin and beauty care products. It is part of a range of brands produced and sold by Beiersdorf. Beiersdorf, founded in 1882, has grown to be a global company specializing in skin and beauty care. In the UK, Beiersdorfs continuing goal is to have its products as close as possible to its consumers, regardless of where they live. Its aims are to understand its consumers in its many different markets and delight them with innovative products for their skin and beauty care needs. This strengthens the trust and appeal of Beiersdorf brands. The business prides itself on being consumer-led and this focus has helped it to grow NIVEA into one of the largest skin care brands in the world. Beiersdorfs continuing programme of market research showed a gap in the market. This led to the launch of NIVEA VISAGEÂ ® Young in 2005 as part of the NIVEA VISAGE range offering a comprehensive selection of products aimed at young women. It carries the strength of the NIVEA brand image to the target market of girls aged 13-19. NIVEA VISAGE Young helps girls to develop a proper skin care routine to help keep their skin looking healthy and beautiful. The market can be developed by creating a good product/range and introducing it to the market (product-orientated approach) or by finding a gap in the market and developing a product to fill it (market-orientated approach). Having identified a gap in the market, Beiersdorf launched NIVEA VISAGE Young using an effective balance of the right product, price, promotion and place. This is known as the marketing mix or four Ps. It is vital that a company gets the balance of these four elements correct so that a product will achieve its critica l success factors. Beiersdorf needed to develop a mix that suited the product and the target market as well as meeting its own business objectives. Analysis on the Marketing Mix of NIVEA Product The first stage in building an effective mix is to understand the market. NIVEA uses market research to target key market segments which identifies groups of people with the same characteristics such as age/gender/attitude/lifestyle. The knowledge and understanding from the research helps in the development of new products. NIVEA carries out its market research with consumers in a number of different ways. These include, (a) using focus groups to listen to consumers directly; (b) gathering data from consumers through a variety of different research techniques; and (c) product testing with consumers in different markets. Beiersdorfs market research identified that younger consumers wanted more specialized face care aimed at their own age group that offered a beautifying benefit, rather than a solution to skin problems. NIVEA VISAGE Young is a skin care range targeted at girls who do not want medicated products but want a regime for their normal skin. Competitor products tend to be problem focused and offer medicated solutions. This gives NIVEA competitive advantage. NIVEA VISAGE Young provides a unique bridge between the teenage market and the adult market. The company improved the product to make it more effective and more consumer-friendly. Beiersdorf tested the improved products on a sample group from its target audience before finalizing the range for re-launch. This testing resulted in a number of changes to existing products. Improvements included: (a) Changing the formula of some products. For example, it removed alcohol from one product and used natural sea salts and minerals in others, (b) I ntroducing two completely new products, (c) a new modern pack design with a flower pattern and softer colors to appeal to younger women, (d) Changing product descriptions and introducing larger pack sizes. Each of these changes helped to strengthen the product range, to better meet the needs of the market. Price As NIVEA VISAGE Young is one of the leading skin care ranges meeting the beautifying needs of this market segment, it is effectively the price leader. This means that it sets the price level that competitors will follow or undercut. NIVEA needs to regularly review prices should a competitor enter the market at the market growth point of the product life cycle to ensure that its pricing remains competitive. The pricing strategy for NIVEA is not the same as that of the retailers. It sells products to retailers at one price. However, retailers have the freedom to use other strategies for sales promotion. These take account of the competitive nature of the high street. They may use: (a) loss leader: the retailer sells for less than it cost to attract large volume of sales, for example by supermarkets, and (b) discounting alongside other special offers, such as Buy one, get one free (BOGOF) or two for one. Place NIVEA VISAGE Young aims to use as many relevant distribution channels as possible to ensure the widest reach of its products to its target market. The main channels for the product are retail outlets where consumers expect to find skin care ranges. Around 65% of NIVEA VISAGE Young sales are through large high street shops such as Boots and Superdrug. Superdrug is particularly important for the young-end market. The other 35% of sales mainly comes from large grocery chains that stock beauty products, such as ASDA, Tesco and Sainsburys. Market research shows that around 20% of this younger target market buys products for themselves in the high street stores when shopping with friends. Research also shows that the majority of purchasers are actually made by mums, buying for teenagers. Mums are more likely to buy the product from supermarkets whilst doing their grocery shopping. NIVEA distributes through a range of outlets that are cost effective but that also reach the highest number of consumers. Its distribution strategies also consider the environmental impact of transport. It uses a central distribution point in the UK. Products arrive from European production plants using contract vehicles for efficiency for onward delivery to retail stores. Beiersdorf does not sell direct to smaller retailers as the volume of products sold would not be cost effective to deliver but it uses wholesalers for these smaller accounts. It does not sell directly through its website as the costs of producing small orders would be too high. However, the retailers like Tesco, feature and sell the NIVEA products in their online stores. Promotion NIVEA chooses promotional strategies that reflect the lifestyle of its audience and the range of media available. It realizes that a one way message, using TV or the press, is not as effective as talking directly to its target group of consumers. Therefore NIVEA does not plan to use any above-the-line promotion for NIVEA VISAGE Young. The promotion of NIVEA VISAGE Young is consumer-led. Using various below-the-line routes, NIVEA identifies ways of talking to teenagers (and their mums) directly. A key part of the strategy is the use of product samples. These allow customers to touch, feel, smell and try the products. Over a million samples of NIVEA VISAGE Young products will be given away during 2008. These samples will be available through the website, samples in stores or in goody bags given out at VISAGE roadshows up and down the country. NIVEA VISAGE Young launched an interactive online magazine called FYI (Fun, Young Independent) to raise awareness of the brand. The concept behind the magazine is to give teenage girls the confidence to become young women and to enjoy their new-found independence. Communication channels are original and engaging to enable teenagers to identify with NIVEA VISAGE Young. The magazine focuses on first time experiences relating to NIVEA VISAGE Young being their first skincare routine. It is promoted using the Hit40UK chart show and the TMF digital TV channel. Discussions on NIVEA Marketing Mix NIVEA VISAGE Young is a skincare range in the UK market designed to enhance the skin and beauty of the teenage consumer rather than being medicated to treat skin problems. As such, it has created a clear position in the market. This shows that NIVEA understands its consumers and has produced this differentiated product range in order to meet their needs. To bring the range to market, the business has put together a marketing mix. This mix balances the four elements of product, price, place and promotion. The mix uses traditional methods of place, such as distribution through the high street, alongside more modern methods of promotion, such as through social networking sites. It makes sure that the message of NIVEA VISAGE Young reaches the right people in the right way. RECOMMENDATIONS All aspects of the marketing mix must function together as a whole in order to create a useful marketing campaign and get a product the sales it needs. The marketing mix must suit the company and the products it sells. Luxury items like mp3 players must have a good promotional campaign, be a quality product, be distributed in all the needed places and also have a competitive price that shows its value. This marketing strategy is extremely important to the success of a particular good or service which in turn could determine the success of the organization in the future. When marketing managers attempt to develop and manage their product it is extremely important that they look at various different aspects. Firstly, they must look at those relating to the marketing mix: which the company has control over because they are able to develop their marketing strategies depending on the consumers needs and wants. Then, managers should also investigate those that make up the marketing environ ment: which include elements that the company has little or no control of e. g. certain government rules and regulations. Thirdly, a market opportunity analysis should also be performed: this exists when a company is given the chance to take action towards researching a particular group of customers. Fourthly, it is critical to research on the subject of target market selection: which involves selecting a group of potential customers for whom a firm creates and maintains a marketing mix that specifically fits the needs and wants of that particular group. Last but not least, the process of Marketing Management should be applied: this is the process of planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling marketing activities to facilitate changes effectively and efficiently. By using this type of marketing strategy organizations are given the opportunity to market a very successful product, so it would be true to say that the marketing mix and its manipulation are vital for the success of a business. However, their good or service may only be successful if the organization provides products that satisfy consumers needs and wants through a coordinated set of activities that also allow the organization to achieve its goals. Customer satisfaction should be the major aim of the marketing concept. But the process does not end here because the organization should continue to alter, adapt and develop products to keep pace with customers changing desires and preferences. Organizations should be aware of the importance of customers and release that marketing activities begin and end with the customer. In attempting to satisfy customers, businesses must consider not only the short and medium term needs but also the long term desires as it is vital to the long term success of the business and probably the best way to do this would be to link the different departments of the company together i.e. Production, Finance, Accounting, Personnel etc A company adopting this particular marketing strategy must not only satisfy its consumers preferences but it also must achieve the objectives that it hoped to achieve by using this strategy. The best way of achieving your objectives is to satisfy the customer and an adequate marketing mix strategy is an excellent way to satisfy the customer who means that implementing the marketing mix strategy should benefit the organization as well as the consumer. CONCLUSION In short, we have seen how the traditional, simple but highly practical method of 4P framework is used successfully in our case study. The concepts of STP and Marketing Mix is very important in assisting managers to plan for marketing efforts to local and international market, and in fact, such a framework serves as the founding principles for development of more complex and advanced marketing strategies in the modern days. These concepts are not only theorectical popular and widely taught in business schools, but are also useful in practice, in analysis or planning successful marketing campaign or strategies for organizations.